ࡱ> c _jbjbSS 511Y]bbbbbbb8.<j&rrvvv/ ;,RbCACCbbvvrCbvbvv@@bbbbCbb\*órAPPENDIX 1: SUMMARY DATALEVEL IV ECOREGIONS OFDELAWARE, MARYLAND, PENNSYLVANIA, VIRGINIA, AND WEST VIRGINIA Level IV Ecoregion /Area (square miles)PhysiographyElevation / Local Relief(feet)GeologyCommon SoilsSoil Temperature Regime / Great Groups / Common Soil Series Mean Annual Precipitation (inches) /Average Annual Growing season (days)PotentialNatural VegetationSource: Cuff and others (1989); Kuchler (1964)Land Use and Land CoverLevel IV Ecoregion 45c.Carolina Slate Belt /964Unglaciated. Irregular plains with low, rounded ridges and shallow ravines350-625 /50-200Saprolite over the fine grained rocks of the Carolina Slate Belt including Aaron Slate, phyllite, metasiltstone, metatuff, felsic volcanic rocks, and Virgilina Greenstone of Proterozoic ageThermic /Hapludults / Georgeville, Herndon44-46 /188-205 Oak-Hickory Pine ForestForested areas are dominated by loblolly or shortleaf pine with some mixed hardwood45c.Carolina Slate Belt 45e.Northern Inner Piedmont /5538Unglaciated. Uplands composed of hills, irregular plains, isolated ridges, and monadnocks. South of the Roanoke River, foothills are more clearly defined as a broad uplandOften 200-1,000 but to 2,000 on monadnocks /Usually 100-400 but to 1,100 on some monadnocksSaprolite over highly deformed, Cambrian and Proterozoic feldspathic gneiss, schist, and melange intruded by plutons Thermic and Mesic /Kanhapludults, Hapludults, Dystrochrepts /Cecil, Appling, Madison, Nason, Manteo, Tatum, Georgeville40-48 /160-205Oak-Hickory Pine ForestForestry and agriculture dominate. Livestock, poultry, and dairy farms occur. Corn, small grain, rye, tobacco, and hay are grown. Urban area in the extreme northeast.45e.Northern Inner Piedmont 45f.Northern Outer Piedmont /6065Unglaciated. Irregular plains, low rounded hills and ridges, and shallow ravines.200-675 /100-250Saprolite over mostly gneissic rock that is intruded by plutons most of which are graniticThermic /Kanhapludults, Hapludults, /Appling, Cecil, Georgeville, Pacolet, Wedowee, Louisburg42-46 /173-210Oak-Hickory Pine ForestForestry and agriculture dominate. Shortleaf, loblolly, and Virginia pine woodlands are extensive in old fields. Pastures are common. Livestock, poultry, and dairy farms occur. Corn, oats, rye, tobacco, and hay are grown. 45f.Northern Outer Piedmont 45g.Triassic Uplands /400Unglaciated. Low rounded hills and ridges, irregular plains, shallow valleys.200-875 /75-450; highest in Danville Basin, Unmetamorphosed Triassic age formations of the Newark Supergroup in downfaulted basins. Includes arkosic sandstone, conglomerate, breccia and interbedded sandstone, siltstone, shale, and coal. Scattered dikes and sills of diabase. Thermic /Hapludults / Mayodan, Creedmoor 43-46 /160-205Oak-Hickory-Pine ForestMosaic: woodland, pastureland, cropland. Shortleaf pine, loblolly pine, Virginia pine, and mixed hardwood found in old fields. Corn, tobacco, cotton, soybeans, small grains, truck crops grown.45g.Triassic Uplands 58h.Reading Prong /290 Unglaciated. Deeply dissected, rugged hills, rounded summits.700-1,400 /200-550Mostly Precambrian granitic gneiss and hornblende gneiss; also Cambrian quartzite. Fanglomerates along eastern Reading Hills.Mesic /Hapludults, Fragiudults, Dystrochrepts, Hapludalfs / Chester, Glenville, Brandywine, Conestoga, Hollinger 44-48 /170Appalachian Oak ForestMosaic: dairy-general farms, woodland; also residential uses. Wooded where stony, steep.58h.Reading Prong 60a.Glaciated LowPlateau /2,455Glaciated plateau. Low rolling hills, gentle slopes, low-gradient streams, eskers, kames, drumlins, kettlehole bogs, lakes.1,300-2,400 / often 300500; up to 820 at Susquehanna RiverOlean Till partly covers nonresistant, nearly horizontal to slightly deformed, Devonian-age shale, siltstone, and sandstone. Catskill and Lock Haven (Chemung of New York) formations.Mostly mesic, some frigid in northwest / Fragiaquepts, Fragiochrepts, Dystrochrepts / Volusia, Wellsboro, Morris, Oquaga, Mardin, Lordstown 33-40, increases to SE / in southeast: 160; the northwest: 100Mostly Appalachian Oak Forest; some Northern Hardwoods away from Susquehanna River at higher elevations. Bogs, marshes common.Mosaic of cropland, pasture land and woodland. Dairy farming and livestock raising are important.60a.Glaciated LowPlateau 60b.Northeastern Uplands /1,420Glaciated. Rolling hills of moderate relief-angle, isolated low mountains. Small glacial lakes very common.1,4002,700 /130-650; 800 near Susquehanna RiverOlean Till partly covers non-resistant, nearly horizontal, Devonian-age sandstone, siltstone, and shale of the Catskill Formation.Mesic and frigid / Fragiaquepts, Fragiochrepts, Dystrochrepts / Volusia, Mardin, Wellsboro, Morris, Oquaga, Lordstown34-46 /130-140Mostly Northern Hardwoods with some Appalachian Oak Forest near the Susquehanna River. Bogs and marshes very common.Mosaic of woodlots-agriculture. Forest cover is more common than pasture land.60b.Northeastern Uplands 61b.Mosquito Creek-Pymatuning Lowlands /282Glaciated landscape. Rolling to nearly level terrain; flat-bottomed valleys, lakes, low-gradient streams, wetlands, kames.900-1,300 / often < 150; max. 360 Mostly clayey, Wisconsinan, Hiram Till and some outwash, alluvium, loamy till, lacustrine material partly overlie acidic, Mississippian-Devonian sedimentary rock of varying coarseness.Mesic /Fragiaqualfs; also Fragiudalfs / Sheffield, Platea, Venango, Frenchtown, Cambridge 40-42 /140-180Northern Hardwoods, Beech-Maple Forest; also marshes and scattered needle-leaf evergreen bogs.Dairy farming with some feed crops; scattered, small woodlots, especially on poorly drained sites. 61b.Mosquito Creek-Pymatuning Lowlands  Level IV Ecoregion /Area (square miles)PhysiographyElevation / Local Relief(feet)GeologyCommon SoilsSoil Temperature Regime / Great Groups / Common Soil Series Mean Annual Precipitation (inches) /Average Annual Growing season (days)PotentialNatural VegetationSource: Cuff and others (1989); Kuchler (1964)Land Use and Land CoverLevel IV Ecoregion 61c.Low Lime Drift Plain /2,818Glaciated rolling plains; low rounded hills, gentle slopes, broad over-fit valleys. Locally, hummocky stagnation moraines, outwash landforms.1,100-2,000, rising eastward / 250-400; max. at ice limit in eastLoamy, Wisconsinan, Kent till, coarse outwash material and fine glacial lake deposits partly cover flat lying, acidic, sedimentary rock of varying ages and coarsenesses. Surficial materials are weakly acidic to neutral.Mesic, some frigid /Fragiaqualfs, Fragiudalfs; also Dystrochrepts, Fragiochrepts, Hapludalfs Fragiaquepts /Frenchtown, Venango, Ravenna, Cambridge, Chenango, Canfield, Mardin, Erie Valois, Howard 37-44 / 115-170Northern Hardwoods and Beech-Maple Forest. Some Appalachian Oak Forest near ice limit. Scattered prairies, kettlehole bogs and tamarack swamp habitat.Mosaic; farms more common than woodland despite short growing season-soil wetness. Dairy farms; also hay, oats grown. Oil, gas wells; coal mines in southwest.61c.Low Lime Drift Plain 62a.Pocono High Plateau /563Glaciated plateau of relatively high elevation and low relief. Many lakes.1,800-2,300 / often 50-175; max. 525Wisconsinan and Illinoian drift partly overlie horizontal to mildly deformed Devonian, Mississippian strata. The resistant sandstone and conglomerate of the Duncannon and Poplar Gap-Packerton members of the Catskill Formation predominate.Mesic and frigid / Dystrochrepts, Fragiaquepts, Fragiochrepts, Fragiudults / Oquaga, Lordstown, Lackawanna, Wellsboro, Swartswood, Mardin, Wurtsboro, Volusia, Meckesville. South of Wisconsinan limit: Hapludults, Fragiudults, Dystrochrepts / Clymer, Buchanan, Hazleton, Drifton 44-50 /125-140.Cool summers, short growing season.Predominantly Northern Hardwoods with Appalachian Oak Forest on southern periphery. Kettlehole bog habitat common, till barrens occur on Illinoian deposits in the south.Mostly forested with many vacation and suburban developments.62a.Pocono High Plateau 62b.LowPoconos / 895Glaciated, low relief plateau. Many lakes. High-gradient streams near Delaware 1,300-1,500 / 50-800Olean till partly overlies mildly deformed Devonian Sandstone, siltstone. Catskill, Trimmers Rock, Mahantango formations.Mesic and frigid / Fragiochrepts, Dystrochrepts, Fragiaquepts / Wurtsboro, Mardin, Dekalb, Volusia, Lordstown, Morris, Oquaga41-50 / 130-145 Mostly Appalachian Oak Forest; in NW: Northern Hardwoods. Much kettlehole bog habitatMostly forested with many vacation and suburban developments.62b.LowPoconos 62c.GlaciatedAllegheny High Plateau / 1,597Glaciated. Deeply dissected high plateau, low mountains and hills; swamps, lakes, muted landforms common in south.1,900-2,600 /300-800Nearly horizontal-mildly folded, erosion resistant, acidic, sedimentary strata of mostly Mississippian-Pennsylvanian age. Some Devonian-age rocks.Frigid /Dystrochrepts, Fragiochrepts, Fragiaquepts Lordstown, Mardin, Morris, Oquaga, Wellsboro, Lackawanna 33-39 / 100-165.Trees well adapted to cool, short growing seasonPredominantly Northern Hardwoods; Appalachian Oak Forest on periphery. Some bogs, marshes, spruce bogs.Mostly forested. Some coal mining in the Blossburg Basin. Some dairy farming.62c.GlaciatedAllegheny High Plateau 62d.Unglaciated Allegheny High Plateau /6,178Mostly unglaciated; pre-Wisconsinan drift in west. Dissected plateau with mountains, hills, steep slopes, high-gradient streams.1,700-2,600, rising to NE / often 550-700; max 1,300Nearly horizontal to mildly folded, resistant, acidic, sedimentary strata of Devonian-Pennsylvanian ageFrigid /Fragiudults, Hapludults, Dystrochrepts / Hazleton, Cookport, Dekalb, Clymer, Hartleton, Cavode, Buchanan, Leck Kill, Wharton, Ernest. On pre-Wisconsinan drift: Hanover, Alvira 35-44 / 100-160.Trees well adapted to cool, short growing seasonPredominantly Northern Hardwoods with Appalachian Oak Forest in south and west. Scattered bogs.Mostly forested. Much oil production. Some surface coal mining in south; associated stream and ground water pollution.62d.Unglaciated Allegheny High Plateau 62e.Low Catskills / 52Glaciated. Dissected hills. Steep side slopes, high-gradient streams, lakes, ponds.1,300-1,800 in north / 450-800Hilltops partly covered by Olean till. Devonian-age sandstone, siltstone, shale. Catskill Formation. Recent alluvium in valleysMesic /Dystrochrepts, Fragiochrepts, Fluvaquents /Oquaga, Wellsboro, Holly, Basher, Arnot 42-44 / 130. Climate affected by topographyNorthern Hardwoods adapted to cool, short growing season. Scattered wetlands.Mostly forested.62e.Low Catskills 63a.Delaware River Terraces and Uplands /437Unglaciated. Flat to gently rolling, often marshy,low terraces along the tidally influenced Delaware River and Delaware Bay; small, sluggish, meandering streams commonly occur0-60 /usually <35Mostly unconsolidated, Quaternary marine sediments, alluvium, and saline marsh deposits; some Miocene sand, gravel of Pensauken, Bridgeton formations.Mesic /Hapludults, Endoaquults, Fragiudults /Made land, Howell, Fallsington, Beltsville, Sassafras, Butlertown43-45 / 175-200.Marine modified climateFreshwater intertidal, and brackish marshes. Appalachian Oak Forest on uplands in the north. Oak-Hickory-Pine Forest in the south,Marshes important as wildlife habitat. Mostly urbanized and industrialized near Philadelphia and Wilmington. Elsewhere, farmland, recreation, and, especially, wetlands become more common. Wildlife refuges occur 63a.Delaware River Terraces and Uplands 63b.Chesapeake-Albemarle Silty Lowlands and Tidal Marshes /2744Unglaciated. Low, nearly flat terrain near the Chesapeake Bay containing tidal marshes, ponds, creeks, and silty low terraces 0-50 /usually <35Quaternary unconsolidated deposits of the lower terraces including: alluvial and estuarine sand and silt deposits; saline-marsh deposits; marine sand, silt, and clay deposits; also some swamp depositsMesic and Thermic /Endoaquults, Hapludults, Sulfihemists /Othello, Elkton, Mattapex, Lumbee, Dragston, Tomotley, Bestpitch, Transquaking, Honga40-50 /195-245Marine modified climateNorthern Cordgrass Prairie, Southern Floodplain Forest, Oak-Hickory-Pine Forest. Brackish wetlands are common; salt estuarine bay marshes occur in lower Chesapeake Bay area. Stream margins often swampy. Extensive tidal marshes and extend well inland and grade into loblolly pine forest.Wetlands, woodlands, wildlife habitat, recreation, urban and industrial areas near large harbors, corn and soybean farming on well drained uplands, and, on the Delmarva Peninsula, poultry operations 63b.Chesapeake-Albemarle Silty Lowlands and Tidal Marshes  Level IV Ecoregion /Area (square miles)PhysiographyElevation / Local Relief(feet)GeologyCommon SoilsSoil Temperature Regime / Great Groups / Common Soil Series Mean Annual Precipitation (inches) /Average Annual Growing season (days)PotentialNatural VegetationSource: Cuff and others (1989); Kuchler (1964)Land Use and Land CoverLevel IV Ecoregion 63c.Dismal Swamp /156Unglaciated. Low, nearly flat, forested wetland15-20 /nearly flatQuaternary peat and muck deposits, Pleistocene lagoonal strata. and compact, impermeable clay of the Yorktown formation.Thermic /Medisaprists /Pungo48-51 />210 Southern Floodplain Forest. Originally, bald cypress, tupelo, red maple, and black gum grew here. Numerous fires, repeated logging operations, and ditching have affected the vegetationSwampland. Wildlife refuge63c.Dismal Swamp 63d.Barrier Islands - Coastal Marshes /571Unglaciated. Open ocean strand, dunes, low terraces, beach ridges, and barrier islands fringed by lagoons, bays, tidal salt marshes, mudflats, tidal channels, or ocean. 0-35 /<30Quaternary unconsolidated strand, barrier beach, marsh, and low terrace deposits facing the ocean. Includes beach and dune sand; saline-marsh deposits, marine sand, silt and clay; beach and nearshore marine sandThermic / Sulfaquents, Hapludults, Humaquepts, Udipsamments, Quartzipsamments, Psammaquents, Fluvaquents, Endoaquults /Chincoteague, Bojac, Backbay, Newhan, Nawney, Fisherman, Nimmo, Duckston, Camocca44-48 /185-255.Marine modified climateNorthern Cordgrass Prairie;Oak-Hickory-Pine Forest on higher, better drained sitesRecreation, urban and residential development, and some agriculture on well-drained areas. National Seashore63d.Barrier Islands - Coastal Marshes63e.Mid-Atlantic Flatwoods /1079Unglaciated. Broad, often poorly drained, flat terraces and sandy ridges. Boggy flats (i.e. pocosins) on uplands0-100 /<30Unconsolidated Quaternary interbedded sand, silt, clay and gravel of the Charles City and Windsor formationsThermic / Endoaquults, Albaquults, Hapludults, Paleudults, Kanhapludults /Myatt, Slagle, Bladen, Onslow, Uchee, Yemassee, Eunola, Kenansville44-48 /185-240Oak-Hickory-Pine Forest and Southern Floodplain Forest. Pocosins are common on flat, poorly-drained interfluvesWoodland and agricultural land. Corn, soybean, pasture crops,and peanuts are grown; also, poultry, livestock, and dairy cattle farms 63e.Mid-Atlantic Flatwoods 63f.Delmarva Uplands /3604Unglaciated. Gently rolling, uplands on the low Delmarva Peninsula; locally, sandy ridges, swales, and low paleodunes occur. Carolina Bays (seasonally wet, shallow elliptical depressions) commonabout 20-<100 /<50Unconsolidated Quaternary sands, silts, clays, shells, and gravels; areas of aeolian sands occurMesic and Thermic /Hapludults, Endoaquults, Umbraquults /Sassafras, Fallsington, Woodstown, Pocomoke, Galestown, Rumford44-48 /175-225Mostly Oak-Hickory Pine Forest. Pine-birch barrens occur on paleodunes. Poultry, livestock, and dairy farms, corn, soybean, small fruit, hay, and truck farming. Woodlands 63f.Delmarva Uplands 64a.Triassic Lowlands /2390Unglaciated. Nearly level to undulating plain with broad nearly level valleys, wide undulating ridges, and isolated hills.175-600 rising to west; hills higher /30200Triassic sandstone, arkosic sandstone, shale, siltstone, and argillite, including Brunswick, Stockton, Lockatong, Gettysburg, and New Oxford formations.Mesic / Fragiaqualfs, Fragiudalfs, Hapludalfs, Hapludults, Fluvaquents / Abbottstown, Bowmansville, Readington, Penn, Reaville, Lansdale 40-48 /170-183Appalachian Oak ForestSW of Reading: dairy, cattle, poultry, fruit, vegetable, grain farming. SE of Reading: small farms, rural-residential, suburbanization.64a.Triassic Lowlands 64b.Diabase & Conglomerate Uplands / 743Unglaciated. Stony, steep ridges and hills.3001,300 /50-650Jurassic-Triassic diabase, Triassic sandstone conglomerates. Gettysburg and Hammer Creek Conglomerates.Mesic / Hapludalfs; also Hapludults / Montalto, Mount Lucas, Ungers, Penn, Brecknock, Neshaminy, Lehigh44-48 /170-180Appalachian Oak Forest.Wooded or idle where rocky or steep. General farms and pastures elsewhere.64b.Diabase & Conglomerate Uplands 64c.Piedmont Uplands / 6404Unglaciated. Low rounded hills, low ridges, irregular plains, and valleys.often 130-1,000; to 2,100 on ridges in south / often 130-330; max. 1500Saprolite over lower Paleozoic, Precambrian metamorphic and igneous strata. Schists of the Wissahickon, Marburg and Peters Creek formations locally common; local gneiss, quartzite, gabbro, metabasalt, graywacke, Triassic diabase, serpentinite.Mesic /Hapludults, Dystrochrepts /Chester, Glenelg, Manor, Mt. Airy, Elioak, Brandywine, Culpeper 40-48 /160-210Appalachian Oak Forest. Locally, barrens occur on serpentine outcrops.Extensive residential, commercial, and industrial activity near Philadelphia. Elsewhere farms are common.64c.Piedmont Uplands 64d.Piedmont Limestone/ Dolomite Lowlands / 770Unglaciated. Nearly level to undulating, fertile valleys.250675 /30125Mostly Ordovician limestone of the Conestoga Formation; also Ordovician dolomite and shale and Cambrian carbonates.Mesic /Hapludalfs; also Hapludults, Eutrochrepts /Duffield, Hagerstown, Letort, Pequea, Conestoga, Bedington41-45 /170-190 Mostly Appalachian Oak Forest. Some Oak-Hickory-Pine Forest along Susquehanna River.Extensive general, corn, hay, dairy, livestock, tobacco farming. Residential area increasing.64d.Piedmont Limestone/ Dolomite Lowlands 65m.Rolling Inner Coastal Plain /5537Unglaciated. Rolling to hilly plainsUsually 30-250; sometimes to sea level /25-175Mostly unconsolidated sand, silt, clay, and gravels of the Tertiary Bacons Castle Formation and the Chesapeake GroupThermic /Hapludults, Paleudults, Endoaquults, Fragiudults /Suffolk, Emporia, Goldsboro, Ogeechee, Tetotum, Bourne, Eunola40-45 /181-213Oak-Hickory-Pine ForestWoodland and farmland. Corn, soybeans, and, in the south, peanuts are common crops65m.Rolling Inner Coastal Plain Level IV Ecoregion /Area (square miles)PhysiographyElevation / Local Relief(feet)GeologyCommon SoilsSoil Temperature Regime / Great Groups / Common Soil Series Mean Annual Precipitation (inches) /Average Annual Growing season (days)PotentialNatural VegetationSource: Cuff and others (1989); Kuchler (1964)Land Use and Land CoverLevel IV Ecoregion 65n.Chesapeake Rolling Coastal Plain /2175Unglaciated. Hilly upland plain with narrow stream divides and incised streams0-400 /25-225Quaternary gravel, sand, silt, and clay (Quaternary Upland Deposits); clay, sand, and sandstone of the Tertiary Calvert Formation; argillaceous glauconitic sand of the Aquia Formation; sands, silts, clays, and gravels of the Cretaceous Potomac GroupMesic /Fragiudults /Beltsville, Keyport, Westphalia, Sassafras, Croom, Collington, Matapeake, Chillum40-45 /160-225Mostly Oak-Hickory-Pine Forest; in northeast, Appalachian Oak ForestExtensive residential, commercial, and industrial activity near metropolitan areas. Residential area increasing. Elsewhere farms and woodland occur65n.Chesapeake Rolling Coastal Plain 66a.Northern Igneous Ridges / 1,470Unglaciated. Ridges separated by high gaps-coves. Ridges steep and well dissected.1,000 to >3,750; highest in south / max. 1,300; greatest in southPrecambrian-Paleozoic metavolcanic, igneous rock. VA.: basalt, metabasalt of the Catoctin Formation; granite and granodiorite of the Virginia Blue Ridge Complex; andesite, tuft and greenstone of the Swift Run Formation. PA.: metarhyolite-metabasalt. MD.: diabase, metabasalt, metarhyolite.Mesic /Eutrochrepts, Hapludalfs, Kanhapludults; also Hapludults / Catoctin, Myersville, Hayesville, Arendtsville 40-49; increasing southward / 150-175; less frost frequency in foothills.Appalachian Oak ForestExtensive forest cover. Localized dairying, poultry raising; orchards are found on the Arendtsville soils.66a.Northern Igneous Ridges 66b.Northern Sedimentary and Metasedimentary Ridges / 652Unglaciated. High, steeply sloping ridges, deep-narrow valleys.1,300 to >3,500; highest in south / max. 1,000Cambrian sedimentary, metasedimentary rock of the Weverton-Loudon, Antietam, Harpers formations (Erwin, Hampton respectively in Virginia)Mesic /Dystrochrepts; also Fragiudults, Hapludults, and Hapludalfs / Laidig, Wallen, Dekalb, Lily, Berks, Weikert; Edgemont, Highfield 40-49; increasing to south / 150-175; less frost in foothills.Appalachian Oak ForestExtensively forested.66b.Northern Sedimentary and Metasedimentary Ridges 66c.Interior Plateau /1,214Unglaciated. Hilly high plateau, scattered monadnocks. New River not incised.2,600-4,500 /often under 200 Precambrian metamorphic rock, including quartzite, graywacke, conglomerate of the Lynchburg Formation. Also gneiss, schist, quartzite.Mesic /Dystrochrepts, Hapludalfs; also Ultisols /Chester, Hayesville, Glenelg, Manor, Myersville About 39 /175Appalachian Oak Forest, Oak-Hickory-Pine Forest.Often wooded. Some dairy-livestock pastures and apple orchards.66c.Interior Plateau 66d.Southern Igneous Ridges and Mountains /366Unglaciated. High ridges, mountains; well dissected, steep slopes.2,600-5,728 on Mt. Rogers / often 1,150-1,500 Paleozoic rhyolite porphyry, arkose, tuft: Mt. Rogers Volcanic Group; Precambrian Virginia Blue Ridge Complex; phyllite, quartzite, graywacke, conglomerate: Lynchburg Formation.Mesic /Dystrochrepts, Hapludults /Hayesville, Grimsley, Porters About 42 /160-170 Appalachian Oak Forest and some Northern Hardwoods at high elevations.Extensive forest cover.66d.Southern Igneous Ridges and Mountains66e.Southern Sedimentary Ridges /427Unglaciated high, steep ridges; deep, narrow valleys.2,600-4,425 /500-1,150Cambrian sedimentary and metasedimentary rock. Sandstone-quartzite form crests; shale, phyllite, siltstone, sandstone form side slopes.Mesic /Dystrochrepts /Berks, Weikert, Dekalb, WallenAbout 42 /160-170 Appalachian Oak Forest and some Northern Hardwoods at high elevations.Extensively forested.66e.Southern Sedimentary Ridges66f.Limestone Valleys and Coves /1Unglaciated narrow valleys and coves in the Blue Ridge Mountains (66) that are bordered by comparatively high mountains2,500-3,000Cambrian limestone of the Rome Formation that is interbedded with other sedimentary rockMesic /Hapludalfs, Dystrochrepts, Paleudults /Upshur, Litz, Dunmore140-145 /165-170Appalachian Oak ForestMost of the land is cleared and used for pasture and field crops including corn, hay, tobacco, and wheat. Woodland occurs and is dominated by red oak, hickory, black locust, and tulip tree66f.Limestone Valleys and Coves 67a.Northern Limestone/ Dolomite Valleys /5,146Unglaciated except in east. Level to undulating valleys, scattered low ridges, karst terrain.Variable; rising westward /50-500Predominantly folded and faulted Silurian, Ordovician, and Cambrian limestone, dolomite, and calcareous shale.Mesic /Hapludalfs, Fragiudalfs, Paleudalfs and Hapludults, Paleudults 36-48 / 145-180Mostly Appalachian Oak Forest in north and Oak-Hickory-Pine Forest in south.Intensively farmed. Woodland on steep sites. Local urban-suburban development.67a.Northern Limestone/ Dolomite Valleys 67b.Northern Shale Valleys / 6,959Unglaciated except northeast. Rolling valleys, isolated hills.Variable /50-500Folded-faulted Devonian shales, siltstones, and fine grained sandstones of the Hamilton, Hampshire, Brallier, Chemung formations, and Chemung Group. Some calcareous areasMesic /Dystrochrepts /Berks, Weikert36-49 /130-180 Mostly Appalachian Oak Forest but Oak-Hickory-Pine Forest in south.Farming, urban, or suburban uses. Wooded where steep or poorly drained.67b.Northern Shale Valleys  Level IV Ecoregion /Area (square miles)PhysiographyElevation / Local Relief(feet)GeologyCommon SoilsSoil Temperature Regime / Great Groups / Common Soil Series Mean Annual Precipitation (inches) /Average Annual Growing season (days)PotentialNatural VegetationSource: Cuff and others (1989); Kuchler (1964)Land Use and Land CoverLevel IV Ecoregion 67c.Northern Sandstone Ridges /5,727Unglaciated except in northeast. Sharp, folded ridges, narrow valleys.1,000-4,300 /500-1,500Clinton Group and Tuscarora, Pocono, Bald Eagle formations common. Paleozoic sandstone and conglomerate form crests; weaker rock on slopes.Mesic /Dystrochrepts, Fragiudults / Dekalb, Laidig, Berks, Weikert, Lehew 36-50 /120-180 Mostly Appalachian Oak Forest in north, Oak-Hickory-Pine Forest in south.Forested.67c.Northern Sandstone Ridges 67d.Northern Dissected Ridges / 4,874Unglaciated except northeast. Dissected ridges and knobs, crenulated contours. Valleys broader than ecoregion 67c. 800-4,150 /200-1,150Mostly interbedded, folded-faulted Devonian sedimentary rock including siltstones. Lock Haven, Chemung, Trimmers Rock, Brallier, Hampshire formations and Chemung Group.Mesic /Dystrochrepts / Dekalb, Berks, Weikert, Lehew36-44 /120-180 Mostly Appalachian Oak Forest in north, Oak-Hickory-Pine Forest in south.Mostly forested. Some pastures.67d.Northern Dissected Ridges 67e.Anthracite / 600Strip mined terrain. Extensive disturbed areas and stream degradation.1,000-1,650 /max. 600Pennsylvanian sandstone, shale, siltstone, conglomerate, anthracite coal. Llewellyn Formation, Pottsville Group occurMesic /Udorthents; also Dystrochrepts, Fragiudults / Dekalb, Hazleton38-47 /140-160 Mostly Appalachian Oak Forest with some Northern Hardwoods.Extensive mining, disturbed ground, and urban-industrial areas.67e.Anthracite67f.Southern Limestone/Dolomite /Valleys and Low Rolling Hills / 2,621Unglaciated. Valleys, low ridges, karst terrain.1,640-3,200 /150-500Predominantly folded and faulted Ordovician and Cambrian limestone, dolomite and calcareous shale.Mesic /Hapludalfs, Paleudalfs, Fragiudults, Paleudults 44-45 /175-180Mostly Appalachian Oak Forest.Intensively farmed; woodland where steep. Local urban- suburban development.67f.Southern Limestone/Dolomite /Valleys and Low Rolling Hills 67g.Southern Shale Valleys /626Unglaciated. Rolling valleys with hills.1,300-2,500; higher knobs./125-650Cambrian through Mississippian interbedded shales, siltstones; sandstone, limestone too. Brallier, Rome, Elbrook, Chemung, Clinton formations common. Some calcareous rock.Mesic /Dystrochrepts, Hapludults, Fragiudults; some Hapludalfs44-45 /175-180Mostly Appalachian Oak Forest.Farm, urban, or suburban uses. Woodlots occur in steep or poorly drained areas.67g.Southern Shale Valleys 67h.Southern Sandstone Ridges / 1,650Unglaciated. Sharp crested folded ridges, narrow valleys.2,300-3,450 /500-1,500Ridge forming strata: Paleozoic sandstone, conglomerate. Weaker rock form slopes.Mesic /Dystrochrepts, Fragiudults /Berks, Dekalb, Weikert, Laidig Can be steep and stony44-45 /170-175Mostly Appalachian Oak Forest.Forested.67h.Southern Sandstone Ridges 67i.Southern Dissected Ridges and Knobs /365Unglaciated. Folded, dissected, rounded knobs and ridges. Crenulated contours. Valleys wider than ecoregion 67h.2,100-4,150 /150-800Mostly Devonian, some Ordovician, Cambrian interbedded sedimentary rock including siltstones. Chemung, Brallier formations common.Mesic /Dystrochrepts, Fragiudults /Weikert, Berks, Laidig, Wallen44-45 / 170-175Mostly Appalachian Oak Forest.Mostly forested. Some pastures on wider floodplains.67i.Southern Dissected Ridges and Knobs69a.Forested Hills and Mountains / 6140Unglaciated. Dissected, rugged hills, mountains, ridges with narrow valleys. Deeply incised locally. High-gradient streams and waterfalls occur.1,800-3,000; max. 4,600 /<130-1,950Primarily sandstone; also conglomerate, shale, and coal. Pennsylvanian Pottsville Group, Pennsylvanian Allegheny Group, Mississippian Pocono and Mauch Chunk formations occur.Frigid and mesic /Hapludults, Fragiudults, Dystrochrepts, Fragiochrepts, Haplaquepts / Dekalb, Gilpin, Buchanan, Hazleton, Cookport, Ernest38-60 /135-165 Appalachian Oak Forest, Northern Hardwoods, Mixed Mesophytic Forest. Northeastern Spruce-Fir Forest where very high and cool; scrub oak where sandy. Scattered glades (sphagnum moss, black spruce, tamarack).Extensive forests. Gas wells and bituminous coal mines are locally common; associated stream and land degradation occurs. Scattered agriculture.69a.Forested Hills and Mountains69b.Uplands and Valleys of Mixed Land Use / 3,687Unglaciated. Rounded hills, low ridges on upland plateau.1,3752,800 /<50-1,000Shale, siltstone, sandstone, some coal. Pennsylvanian Conemaugh and Allegheny Groups common.Mesic /Hapludults, Fragiudults, Dystrochrepts /Gilpin, Ernest, Wharton, Rayne, Clymer, Dekalb, Cookport, Hazleton, Udorthents 37-50 /120-165 Appalachian Oak Forest, Northern Hardwoods, Mixed Mesophytic Forest. Scattered sphagnum moss, black spruce, and tamarack glades.Farms interspersed with woodland. Widespread bituminous coal mining, mine spoils, stream degradation.69b.Uplands and Valleys of Mixed Land Use 69c.Greenbrier Karst /1,025Unglaciated. Rolling karst landscape with sinkholes, underground drainage, low stream density, strongly flowing springs. Isolated rounded hills.1,800-2,900 /<150-650; max. 1,000 along Greenbrier RiverPrimarily limestone and shale of Mississippian age. Greenbrier Group and Bluefield Formation common, some Maccrady Formation.Mesic / Hapludults, Paleudults, Hapludalfs, DystrochreptsFrederick, Frankstown, Westmoreland, Litz, Gilpin, Calvin. Substratum is often high in bases35-40 /149-165Oak-Hickory-Pine Forest.Bluegrass pasture, some general farming; wooded hills. Beef cattle, sheep, poultry raising important; some dairying. Fodder crops including corn, oats, wheat, hay are grown.69c.Greenbrier Karst Level IV Ecoregion /Area (square miles)PhysiographyElevation / Local Relief(feet)GeologyCommon SoilsSoil Temperature Regime / Great Groups / Common Soil Series Mean Annual Precipitation (inches) /Average Annual Growing season (days)PotentialNatural VegetationSource: Cuff and others (1989); Kuchler (1964)Land Use and Land CoverLevel IV Ecoregion 69d.Cumberland Mountains /6,095Unglaciated. Dissected hills, mountains, ridges, steep slopes, very narrow ridgetops.1,200-3,600 /350-550Pennsylvanian sandstone, siltstone, shale, and coal of the Pottsville Group and Allegheny Formation.Mesic /Hapludults, Dystrochrepts Clymer-Dekalb-Jefferson 44-48 /170-185Mostly Mixed Mesophytic Forest.Mostly forested. Extensive coal mining, logging, stream degradation. Livestock farms in wider valleys. Scattered towns, gas wells 69d.Cumberland Mountains 70a.Permian Hills /4437Unglaciated. Hills sharpening to ridges. Scattered landslips.575-1,600 / 200750In Pennsylvania: Permian sandstone, shale, limestone, coal of Greene and Washington formations. In West Virginia: Permian and Pennsylvanian sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone and coal of the Dunkard Group.Mesic /Hapludalfs, Hapludults, Fragiudalfs; some Dystrochrepts and Fluvaquents /Dormont, Culleoka, Newark, Gilpin, Upshur, VandaliaHeavy clay subsoil38-48 /140-190 Mostly Appalachian Oak Forest; also Mixed Mesophytic Forest.Mosaic; more forests-woodlots than cropland-pastures. Abandoned agricultural land is reverting to forest. Some bituminous coal mining and oil-gas wells production70a.Permian Hills 70b.Monongahela Transition Zone / 6326Unglaciated. Rounded hills, knobs, and ridges, accordant summits. Landslips occur.5751,900 /200-700Permian and Pennsylvanian interbedded sandstone, shale, limestone, coal of the Monongahela Group; less topically Waynesboro Formation .Mesic /Hapludalfs, Fragiudalfs; some Fluvaquents, Udorthents / Guernsey, Dormont, Culleoka, Westmoreland, Clarksburg, Newark 36-48 / 150-193Mixed Mesophytic Forest and, especially in the north, Appalachian Oak Forest Forests and urban, suburban, industrial activity in valleys; general farms; bituminous coal mines and stream degradation common70b.Monongahela Transition Zone 70c.Pittsburgh Low Plateau / 4,818Unglaciated except in the extreme northwest. Rounded hills, narrow valleys.often 1,100-1,400; max. 2,000 / about 500-550Mostly Pennsylvanian sandstone, shale, siltstone, coal. Common are the Casselman and Glenshaw formations and, in West Virginia, the Conemaugh Group (undivided). The Allegheny Group and others are exposed in valleys and in the north.Mesic /Hapludults, Fragiudults, Dystrochrepts, Udorthents /Gilpin, Ernest, Wharton, Hazleton, Weikert, Cavode, Rayne 36-46 / 120-170.Appalachian Oak Forest; some Mixed Mesophytic Forest in southGeneral farming, dairy farming. pastures. Some woodland, bituminous coal mines, oil -gas wells, and associated land and stream degradation.70c.Pittsburgh Low Plateau 83a.Erie Lake Plain / 142Depositional lake plain; swales, beach ridges, bay mouth bar, coastal cliffs with slumping.570-790 /<50-100Quaternary lake sediments (gravel, sand, silt, and clay) overlie Devonian shale.Mesic /Hapludalfs, Fragiaquepts, Humaquepts, Epiaquepts, Epiaquolls / Rimer, Wallington, Conneaut, Wauseon, Birdsall, Conotton on beach ridges 37-42 / 175-194. Lake Erie increases winter snowiness, cloudiness, and delays frost.Beech-Maple Forest, Great Lakes shoreline habitat.Vineyards, orchards, vegetables, nursery crops are adapted to lake shore climate. 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